Development of the amniote ventrolateral body wall

In vertebrates, the trunk consists of the musculoskeletal structures of the back and the ventrolateral body wall, which together enclose the internal organs of the circulatory, digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems. This review gives an overview on the development of the thoracic and abdominal wall during amniote embryogenesis. Specifically, I briefly summarize relevant historical concepts and the present knowledge on the early embryonic development of ribs, sternum, intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles with respect to anatomical bauplan, origin and specification of precursor cells, initial steps of pattern formation, and cellular and molecular regulation of morphogenesis.     

保乳术后放疗中钛夹动度与乳腺大小及钛夹位置的相关性

【摘要】目的:分析保乳术后放疗患者钛夹动度，并探讨其与乳腺大小、钛夹位置的相关性。方法:随机选取保乳术后放疗患者15例，每周两次锥形束CT。测量乳腺基底面直径（D）和乳高轴（H），以瘤床质心为原点将临床靶区分4个象限。记录各象限内钛夹在左右、腹背、头脚方向动度（MLR、MAP、MSI）以及其与临床靶区最内、最前、最上的距离（DSLR、DSAP、DSSI）。结果:MLR、MAP、MSI分别为（2.2±3.0）、（-1.1±3.6）、（0.8±4.7） mm；系统误差Σ在左、右、腹、背、头、脚分别为1.7、2.2、2.0、2.4、2.9、3.0 mm，随机误差σ分别为2.4、4.0、3.2、4.0、4.7、4.7 mm；靶区对应外放5.9、8.3、7.2、8.8、10.5、10.9 mm。一象限内，当D×H<99.89 cm2，MAP和D×H强相关（r=0.805），MLR、MAP均和DSLR、DSAP、DSSI强正相关（r=0.94, 0.94, 0.91；0.87, 0.91, 0.92），MSI和DSLR、DSAP强正相关（r=0.91, 0.94）；四象限内，当D×H<90.71 cm2，MAP和DSLR，MSI和DSAP均强负相关（r=-0.96；-0.95），MLR和DSLR强正相关（r=0.91）。结论:钛夹动度有各向异性，以SI方向外扩最大，并易受乳腺大小、钛夹位置影响。     

Economic Burden of Patient-Reported Penicillin Allergy on Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty

IntroductionSelf-reported penicillin allergies in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty often results in the use of second-line prophylactic antibiotics. A higher risk of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is associated with suboptimal antibiotics vs first generation cephalosporins, which have historically been grouped with other beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin for potential allergic reactions. This study evaluates the economic burden of self-reported penicillin allergies in total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsData from studies reporting true incidence of IgE-mediated penicillin allergies, infection-free survivorship of TJA, and cost of PJI attributed to use of second-line antibiotics were obtained. Projected cost of preoperative penicillin allergy testing and potentially avoidable PJI associated with second-line antibiotic usage were calculated. This was compared with projected cost of PJI in the current state to estimate cost savings.ResultsImplementation of preoperative penicillin allergy testing leads to a potential savings of nearly $37 million to payors in the first year based on 1-year survivorship. This savings increases to $411.6 million over a 10-year span and $1.18 billion over a 20-year span.ConclusionPreoperative penicillin allergy testing or risk stratification via thorough history should be implemented as standard of care for patients with self-reported penicillin allergies before TJA and would result in decreased cost of PJI.     

Prospective comparative study of intraoperative “Towel clip test” and “Vertical patella test” assessing lateral retinaculum tightness in patients undergoing TKA

BackgroundProper patellar tracking is one of the most important aspect of TKA to ensure good functional outcome. A patellar tracking problem noted intraoperatively serves as a warning sign and should prompt the surgeon to reassess position of each component. Various tests are there to assess lateral retinaculum tightness viz. "No thumb test", "Towel clip test". A new test "Vertical patella test" is described to assess lateral retinaculum tightness. A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness, correlation and validity of two techniques.Materials & MethodsPatients >50 years of age and with diagnosis of Osteoarthritis knee having less than 30 varus and flexion deformity going in for primary TKA were selected with a sample size of 100 knees in a tertiary care centre. Revision cases or patients with flexion contracture more than 30, complex knee surgery; with pre existing patellar tilt were excluded from study.ResultsResults of both tests were found to correlate in 75% of case with sensitivity of 96.65% and specificity of 75.00%. Kappa came out to be 0.634 which shows good agreement of vertical patella test and towel clip test. Result was computed using excel and SPSS and was found to be significant with p value< 0.05. Lateral retinaculum release was done in 8 knees.ConclusionsVertical patella test correlates with towel clip test, is easy to perform and saves time. The limitation of our study was small sample size.     

Prosthetic aortic valve thrombosis: To fibrinolyse or not to fibrinolyse? That is the question!

Prosthetic heart valve (PHV) dysfunction is a rare but serious complication whose optimal management may be challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Treatment success ultimately depends on determining the underlying mechanism of valve dysfunction by echocardiography. However, being able to establish the main etiology is not always straightforward. We present a difficult case of obstructive PHV dysfunction and discuss clinical and echocardiographic parameters to help differentiate thrombus from pannus formation.     

Feminine identity and functional benefits are key factors in women’s decision making about upper limb prostheses: a case series

Purpose: Although the DEKA Arm promises new abilities, it is unclear if women with upper limb amputation are willing to avail themselves of this new technology. The study purpose was to understand key factors and tradeoffs that shape women’s attitudes towards the DEKA Arm.

Methods: This case series includes three women with transradial amputation. Structured surveys and semi-guided interviews were administered after completion of in-laboratory training and a home trial of the DEKA Arm. A constant comparative method with a grounded theory approach was used to generate a model describing women’s decision-making related to the DEKA Arm. Quantitative data on prosthetic satisfaction was used to triangulate findings.

Results: Factors that enhanced desirability of the DEKA Arm were improved functionality, increased abilities and the availability of someone to service the prosthesis. Factors that detracted from desirability of the device were its appearance, conspicuousness, lifestyle incompatibility, weight, need for service and difficulty of use. Each woman weighted these factors within the larger context of the capabilities of and satisfaction with her personal prostheses, her self-concept and lifestyle needs. Situational demands, particularly the desire to appear feminine and professional or need to perform certain activities, also altered the valuation of these priorities.

Conclusion: Findings strongly suggest that advanced upper limb prosthetic technologies, like the DEKA Arm, will be better accepted by women if appropriately gendered in appearance and designed with women’s priorities in mind.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Women should be able to derive the functional benefits of advances in upper limb technology without needing to compromise their feminine identity and lifestyle preferences.

• Advanced upper limb prosthetic technologies will be better accepted by women if they are appropriately gendered.

     

Molecular biology: a guide for orthopaedic surgeons

Fracture non-union, prosthetic joint infection and fracture-related infections are complications frequently encountered by the trauma and orthopaedic surgeon. Moreover, they pose a significant socioeconomic and healthcare burden to the society. A clear understanding of the molecular biology surrounding fracture healing, as well as the pathophysiology of orthopaedic-related infections, is of paramount importance to their successful management. The first section of this article aims to explain the basic science critical to the understanding of DNA, RNA, gene and protein expression, and the molecular techniques most commonly deployed in the diagnostic and research fields of trauma and orthopaedics. The second section provides a general overview of the molecular physiology of fracture healing and biofilm, the molecular characteristics and genetic predisposition of fracture non-union, followed by discussing recent advances in molecular techniques used in the diagnosis and treatment of fracture non-union, prosthetic joint infection and fracture-related infections.     

Influence of Fine Grains on the Bending Fatigue Behavior of Two Implant Titanium Alloys

By means of the ultrasonic surface impact (amplitude of 30 μm, strike number of 48,000 times/mm²), nanograins have been achieved in the surfaces of both Ti6Al4V(TC4) and Ti3Zr2Sn3Mo25Nb(TLM) titanium alloys, mainly because of the dislocation motion. Many mechanical properties are improved, such as hardness, residual stress, and roughness. The rotating–bending fatigue limits of TC4 and TLM subjected to ultrasonic impact are improved by 13.1% and 23.7%, separately. Because of the bending fatigue behavior, which is sensitive to the surface condition, cracks usually initiate from the surface defects under high stress amplitude. By means of an ultrasonic impact tip with the size of 8 mm, most of the inner cracks present at the zone with a depth range of 100~250 μm in the high life region. The inner crack core to TC4 usually appears as a deformed long and narrow α-phase, while the cracks in TLM specimens prefer to initiate at the triple grain boundary junctions. This zone crosses the grain refined layer and the deformed coarse grain layer. With the gradient change of elastic parameters, the model shows an increase of normal stress at this zone. Combined with the loss of plasticity and toughness, it is easy to understand these fatigue behaviors.     

微弧氧化技术与钛合金表面成骨细胞增殖及骨向分化能力

文题释义：微弧氧化技术：是金属材料表面处理的一种技术，将金属材料(如，镁、铝、钛等)置于特定电解液中，通过弧光放电过程中瞬时的高温和高压条件产生结合于金属表面的陶瓷膜层，该种方法制备的涂层材料具有高硬度、耐磨的特点。  种植体：是针对于人体自身牙齿缺失而植入上下颌骨内的人工牙根。性能优良的种植体需要同时具备高强度、耐降解、生物相容性好的特性。目前复合材料类如金属表面添加陶瓷涂层材料，具有上述多种材料特性而被临床选择。 背景：采用普通电化学法可在钛及其合金表面制备纳米级羟基磷灰石涂层，但该涂层吸收降解缓慢，需要8-12周的时间。而微弧氧化可在复杂表面形成均匀薄膜，有利于细胞黏附和骨组织长入。 目的：探索微弧氧化羟基磷灰石涂层钛合金对成骨细胞增殖及骨向分化能力的影响。 方法：采用电化学法与微弧氧化法分别制备羟基磷灰石涂层钛合金材料，检测两种材料表面的接触角。将成骨细胞系hFOB1.19接种于两组羟基磷灰石涂层钛合金材料表面，培养48 h时，采用扫描电镜观察细胞在材料上的形态变化；培养1，12，24，48，72 h时，采用MTT法检测细胞增殖；培养1，3，5 d时，比较两组材料表面细胞计数与碱性磷酸活性；培养第5天，采用Western Blotting检测细胞内骨形态发生蛋白2和骨形态发生蛋白4表达。 结果与结论：①微弧氧化组材料表面的接触角小于电化学组[(66.5±2.2)°，(52.8±2.1)°，P=0.001 5)]；②扫描电镜显示，电化学组成骨细胞形态不规则，胞体皱缩不饱满，与材料贴合较差；微弧氧化组细胞充分伸展，形态扁平，与材料贴合紧密；③微弧氧化组12-72 h的细胞增殖快于电化学组(P < 0.05)，培养3，5 d的细胞计数多于电化学组(P < 0.05)；④微弧氧化组培养1，3，5 d的细胞碱性磷酸酶活性高于电化学组(P < 0.05)；⑤微弧氧化组骨形态发生蛋白2和骨形态发生蛋白4表达均高于电化学组(P < 0.05)；⑥结果表明，微弧氧化羟基磷灰石涂层钛合金材料可促进成骨细胞的增殖及骨向分化能力。 ORCID: 0000-0003-2787-4667(王艳玲) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程